The Importance of Soil Testing Before You Garden

It's that time of year when we all want to break the chains of winter and back out into nature. What many of us don't realize is that there may be danger lurking in our soil. If you live in a home that is older than 40 years old, if you live near a factory, and/or you don't know the land use records of the land before you moved in, it's very important to test your soil for toxic chemicals.

Recently, citizens of Tonawanda, NY found out that their soil was contained with elevated levels of the carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene, or BaP. This BaP may have been released from the local Coke foundry plant (The Buffalo News, 2014).

So how do you test your soil?

 Image from http://aggie-turf.tamu.edu/aggieturf2/soilsample/images/soilsample.jpg

Contact your local cooperative extension office: http://www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/

Contact your local university's agriculture program to see if they offer soil testing services.

New York City Schools recommend that all schools test their garden soil every two years for heavy metals and nutrient levels. They also give instructions on how to collect the soil for test samples.

The good thing about county extension offices is that not only will they help you with soil testing, they will offer guidance on how to plant the best garden for your type of soil. So remember, test first, then garden.

Sources

Buffalo News
Testing Your Soil

Autism and the Environment

A new meta-analysis study of 100 million US medical records from the University of Chicago links environmental pollution, such as pesticides,  to autism and intellectual disability (ID). The researchers found that autism and ID were "correlated at the county level with incidences of genital malformations in newborn males," according to The Examiner. The researchers claim that autism is strongly correlated with the incidence of congenital genital malformation in males.

Photo credit: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/cgpgrey/4889435516/">CGP Grey</a> via <a href="http://photopin.com">photopin</a> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">cc</a>

There are certain times during a pregnancy where the fetus is particularly sensitive to small molecule environmental pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Some of these molecules alter the normal development of the fetus, through unknown processes. The researchers studied genital malformations in females and males but found that the congenital malformation - autism link was much stronger in boys.

The study's main author is quick to point out that this study does not count out genetic and other factors for autism. Nor does it directly point to the environment as the cause for autism, but it does point to a strong argument for an environmental role.

Sources

University of Chicago
FoxNews
The Examiner

An analysis of 100 million U.S. medical records reveals that autism and intellectual disability (ID) rates are correlated at the county level with incidence of genital malformations in newborn males, an indicator of possible congenital exposure to harmful environmental factors such as pesticides. - See more at: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/03/13/autism-and-intellectual-disability-incidence-linked-environmental-factors#sthash.iqZzther.dpuf

An analysis of 100 million U.S. medical records reveals that autism and intellectual disability (ID) rates are correlated at the county level with incidence of genital malformations in newborn males, an indicator of possible congenital exposure to harmful environmental factors such as pesticides. - See more at: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/03/13/autism-and-intellectual-disability-incidence-linked-environmental-factors#sthash.iqZzther.dpuf

An analysis of 100 million U.S. medical records reveals that autism and intellectual disability (ID) rates are correlated at the county level with incidence of genital malformations in newborn males, an indicator of possible congenital exposure to harmful environmental factors such as pesticides. - See more at: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/03/13/autism-and-intellectual-disability-incidence-linked-environmental-factors#sthash.iqZzther.dpuf

An analysis of 100 million U.S. medical records reveals that autism and intellectual disability (ID) rates are correlated at the county level with incidence of genital malformations in newborn males, an indicator of possible congenital exposure to harmful environmental factors such as pesticides. - See more at: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/03/13/autism-and-intellectual-disability-incidence-linked-environmental-factors#sthash.iqZzther.dpuf

An analysis of 100 million U.S. medical records reveals that autism and intellectual disability (ID) rates are correlated at the county level with incidence of genital malformations in newborn males, an indicator of possible congenital exposure to harmful environmental factors such as pesticides. - See more at: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/03/13/autism-and-intellectual-disability-incidence-linked-environmental-factors#sthash.iqZzther.dpuf

100 million U.S. medical records

100 million U.S. medical recordfrom the University of Chicago links

Cadmium in children's toys

We've often heard of lead in children's toys, but we also need to be concerned about cadmium. Cadmium is a metal that can be found in children's products, including clothing accessories, jewelry, and the paint on the surfaces and linings of toys. Outside of children's products, it can be found in batteries, metal coatings, industrial paints, tobacco smoke, and as a stabilizers in plastics.

Image taken from http://ecowatch.com/2013/08/08/childrens-toys-toxic-cadmium/

Cadmium is used as an alternative to lead. It's cheaper, but it's also toxic. Cadmium exposure has been linked to kidney and bone damage, and delayed brain development in children. Cadmium has also been labelled a "known human carcinogen."  Children are of particular concern because they put toys, jewelry and other products in their mouths.

In 2011, the U.S. Congress, limited the amount of cadmium that can be used in toys and there is a voluntary industrial standard on the amount of cadmium that can be used in jewelry. However, critics claim this is not enough, as some products still contain hazardous levels of cadmium. Six states and the European Union have put Cadmium bans into place for certain products. The states are CA, CT, IL, MD, MN and WA.

Sources

NCSL
SAFER States
ECOWATCH
Khaleej Times

BPA & Brain Development

We already know bisphenol A (BPA) as an endocrine disruptor, carcinogen, and obesogen, but now it has been linked to altered brain and central nervous system (CNS) development prenatally.  BPA mimics estrogen and can be found in many everyday products, like the linings of metal cans, receipts, and even in our foods and drinks. BPA is banned in the European Union and Canada, but not the United States.

When neurons, or nerve cells, are growing, they rely on a local chloride levels to guide them to their correct location in the brain. Exposure to BPA disrupts this process.

"Over time, as the neurons mature, chloride is pumped out of the cells by a chloride transporter called KCC2. If chloride levels remain high, the neural circuits don’t form and connect properly."

In a new study by Dr. Wolfgang Liedtke and colleagues at Duke University found that;

"when exposing the neurons to minute amounts of BPA, the gene that makes KCC2 shut down, which kept chloride longer in the neurons. They suspect the BPA made a different type of protein -- known as MECP2 -- more abundant in neurons, which in turn bound to KCC2 and shut it down."

Credit: Michele Yeo, Duke Medicine

 
In Liedtke and colleague's study of rodent models, that was also "verified in human systems," both sexes were affected by BPA disruption, but females tended to be more susceptible to BPA's attack. Researchers proposed that this processes of BPA attack on cell development may hold clues on the development on autism and Rett syndrome. Fortunately, in rodents, the effects were reversible when treated with a drug that allowed the neurons to compensate for the excessive chloride levels. This study is just another reason for tougher regulation and bans on BPA in the US.

Sources

Time Magazine
CBS News
Duke Alert
Science Daily